All You Need to Know About E-Bike Batteries

The battery and the motor form the heart of every electric bike. It provides the energy needed for the engine and additional drive while riding. Therefore, before purchasing an electric bike, you should comprehensively understand the different motors and battery types, as they can significantly impact handling and range.

Battery Technology – What You Should Know About E-Bike Batteries

The quality of batteries from renowned e-bike drive manufacturers such as Bosch, Shimano, or Yamaha is consistently high. The typical capacity ranges from around 400 to 750 watt-hours (Wh).

The planned usage is crucial when deciding, as higher range demands should prompt the choice of a larger capacity. 500 Wh batteries have become the standard since they usually suffice for most e-trekking and city e-bikes.

If you often plan long trips or want to cross several meters of altitude (for example, with an electric mountain bike), a larger capacity is always desirable. However, a larger battery will increase the overall weight of the e-bike, so "more" does not always mean "better".

What Determines Battery Capacity?

A battery's capacity characteristics are determined by voltage (V), charge amount (Ampere-hours, Ah), and stored energy (Watt-hours, Wh). The battery capacity (Wh) is derived from the formula Wh = V * Ah.

This means that the more watt-hours (Wh) a battery has, the more powerful it is. To compare different batteries effectively, you should focus on watt-hours (Wh) rather than ampere-hours (Ah).

Which E-Bike Battery Suits Me?

In addition to possible capacity, the handling of e-bike batteries also varies. The battery's position significantly affects the center of gravity and, thus, the riding behavior of the e-bike. When choosing the right e-bike, the installed battery plays an essential role. Here is an overview of the three different e-bike battery systems offered by Bosch e-bike systems:

Rack Battery:
- The rack version with a capacity of 400 to 500 Wh is popular among comfortable city e-bikes. The high battery position makes it particularly easy to remove. It can also be used with a rack with a spacious low entry. Due to its simple construction, this option is particularly popular among cheap electric bikes.
Frame Battery:
- The classic feature of trekking e-bikes is the power pack battery with a capacity of up to 725 Wh, typically located on the down tube or seat tube. This system significantly improves weight distribution because, unlike the rack variant, the battery can be placed more centrally in the frame while still being very easy to remove.
Intube or Powertube Battery:
- E-bikes with batteries integrated into the frame offer optimal driving characteristics due to the low center of gravity and a capacity of up to 750 Wh (like the new Bosch Smart System), providing maximum range. This variant is particularly popular in sporty e-mountain bikes and trekking e-bikes—especially for its sleek appearance. However, larger frames with so-called Powertube or Intube batteries can sometimes weigh more, and installation and removal can be a bit more complicated.
Dual Battery:
- For particularly demanding areas of use, such as e-cargo bikes or long-distance travel, Bosch e-bike systems offer the option of connecting two batteries as a "dual battery." This allows 400 and 500 power packs and 500 and 625 power tubes to be combined.

What is the Lifespan of an E-Bike Battery?

Lithium-ion batteries have high energy density and a long lifespan, with about 500 to 1000 charge cycles. It's important to note that batteries are often only partially charged in practice.

For example, if a battery is charged from 50% to 100% twice, only two partial charges are needed to form one complete charge cycle. After 500 to 1000 charge cycles, the battery is far from defective and typically retains more than half of its original capacity.

We can confirm in practice, through checks and maintenance in our workshop, that batteries still have sufficient capacity after 3 to 5 years.

What Factors Affect the Range of an E-Bike System?

The distance traveled with motor support is influenced by more than just battery capacity. The chosen support mode and external factors play a decisive role in determining the possible range. Here is an overview of these factors and potential negative impacts:

Route Profile and Environmental Impact:
- Headwinds or many slopes and heights increase engine consumption.
Tire Tread and Tire Pressure:
- Rough profiles on e-MTBs or low tire pressure lead to increased rolling resistance. You can find the minimum and maximum tire pressure suitable for your bike on the tire sidewall. More information can be found in our maintenance and care tips.
Payload and Weight:
- The system weight (e-bike, rider, and luggage) also directly impacts energy consumption.
Riding Style and Cadence:
- High acceleration with motor support requires more energy. The optimal pedal frequency for e-bike motors (also called cadence) is about 60 crank revolutions per minute. Frequent (downshifting), especially on slopes or when starting, can increase the range by a few kilometers.

Range of an E Bike System Infographic | Macfox

Modern E-Bike Battery Features

Thanks to advanced battery management systems (BMS), there's almost no risk when charging with an original charger. The often-recommended practice of "breaking in" a battery by fully discharging it is unnecessary. To ensure the longest possible life of an e-bike battery, you should pay attention to storage and temperature-related aspects.

Storage and Maintenance of E-Bike Batteries

If not used for a long time, the battery should be stored at room temperature between 10 and 20 degrees Celsius and charged to 30% to 60%. Since the battery slowly discharges over time, it should be checked and recharged every two months if necessary. Lithium-ion batteries dislike extreme heat or cold. During peak summer or near-freezing temperatures, the battery should be brought indoors to the home or office. Ideally, charging should also occur at the designated room temperature.

Sustainable Use of E-Bike Batteries

The lifespan of a battery largely depends on its usage and maintenance. However, experience shows that the lifespan is consistently long.

Many e-bike batteries can be used for five years or more. For example, Bosch eBike Systems assumes a residual capacity of 60% to 70% after 500 full charges.

In ADAC's tests, Bosch e-bike batteries even withstood more than 1,500 full charge cycles (from 0% to 100%). Theoretically, this battery can cover about 57,000 kilometers.

Charging Cost of E-Bike Batteries

With average electricity prices around 40 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh), you can budget about 20 cents to fully charge a 500 Wh battery. To learn more about charging costs, check out our article.

Cost to Charge=(Battery Capacity in kWh)×(Electricity Rate)

How Do E-Bike Batteries Work?

E-bike batteries store electrical energy and deliver it to the bike through the motor. The principle is similar to that of lithium-ion batteries in laptops or mobile phones. When you turn on the e-bike and pedal, the integrated control system detects that you need assistance and directs power from the battery to the motor.

The motor supports pedaling, making riding easier. Depending on the support mode and speed, the motor can draw more or less energy from the battery. When braking or descending, the motor can switch to a so-called recovery mode, sending energy back to the battery to increase range. This energy recovery is only possible with direct-drive hub motors (i.e., without a freewheel).

Battery capacity is an essential parameter used by e-bike manufacturers to advertise their models' performance. It affects the range and performance of the e-bike. A higher capacity means the battery can store more energy, providing a longer range. For example, a 400 Wh battery provides 400 watts of power for one hour (or 200 watts for two hours, etc.).

What Does Battery Performance Include?

Battery performance primarily refers to two crucial aspects: discharge power and charging power. Discharge power is the amount of energy the battery delivers to the motor to drive the bike. Higher discharge power enables faster acceleration and better climbing ability. Charging power is the amount of energy the battery absorbs from an external power source during charging.

Higher charging power means the battery can be charged faster. This speed depends on the battery's capacity and type. For example, the charging time for a 400 Wh battery is about 3.5 hours, while charging times for 500 Wh to 800 Wh batteries range from approximately 4.5 to 7 hours. The balance of capacity and power is crucial for optimizing the overall performance and range of the e-bike.

E-Bike Battery Size

Does a larger battery mean more power? Essentially, larger e-bike batteries are more powerful because they have a higher capacity and can store more energy. This results in a longer range and improved performance. Larger batteries also help e-bikes handle more demanding routes, such as hilly terrain or long rides, without quickly depleting the battery.

One thing to remember is that larger batteries are usually heavier, which increases the overall weight of the e-bike. This can affect handling and maneuverability, especially when carrying or lifting the bike. Careful consideration of this is essential when choosing an e-bike battery.

Impact of Battery Position

The design and position of the e-bike battery can affect the range by influencing energy consumption and efficiency. For example, a centrally positioned battery in the frame or down tube can positively affect the range by balancing weight distribution and improving handling, meaning less energy is needed for balance and extending the range.

Increasing Battery Range

Since the range of an e-bike battery is influenced by various factors, it's essential to consider these together. The following list provides an overview:

Battery Capacity: The capacity of the e-bike battery (measured in watt-hours, Wh) is a key factor. Larger-capacity batteries store more energy and usually offer a longer range. Smaller batteries have a more limited range.
Support Mode: E-bikes often offer different support modes that affect energy consumption. Higher support levels (e.g., Turbo) use more energy and shorten the range compared to lower levels (e.g., Eco).
Rider Weight: The weight of the rider and any passengers affects the range. Heavier loads require more energy to move the e-bike.
Speed: Higher speeds require more energy due to increased air resistance. Riding at moderate speeds can help extend the range.
Terrain: The terrain you ride on significantly impacts the range. Conquering hills requires more energy than riding on flat terrain.
Wind: Headwinds or strong winds increase energy consumption and reduce range.
Tires and Pressure: Wider tires and lower pressure increase rolling resistance and use more energy. Proper tire pressure is essential for optimizing range.
Temperature: Ambient temperature affects battery performance. Cold temperatures reduce battery efficiency, while high temperatures can improve it.
Gear Selection: Choosing the right gear affects the motor's efficiency and energy consumption. Shifting to lower gears can increase the range.
Sustained Climbing or Descending: Sustained climbing requires more energy while descending can regenerate energy and extend the range.
Using Additional Features: Using additional features (e.g., lights, display, or integrated USB charger) increases energy consumption and shortens the range.
Battery Aging: Over time, the battery's capacity decreases, leading to a shorter range.

Cost of E-Bike Batteries

From $2,000, you can get an e-bike with stable battery quality. However, you can usually save on the frame and equipment. The price range for e-bikes with aluminum frames and good suspension components is $2,000 to $3,500.

The price range for e-bike batteries (excluding the bike) ranges from about $300 to over $1,000. The exact price may vary by region and availability, so checking and comparing current prices with retailers or manufacturers is advisable.

Have you ever wondered how important the battery is for your e-bike? It is the heart of the e-bike, providing the energy needed to ride a kilometer. But what makes a good battery? And what should you consider regarding the battery if you want to buy an e-bike?

We hope to answer these questions and many others to give you a better understanding of what makes a quality battery for your e-bike. We will look at the different types of batteries on the market and provide tips on choosing the best battery for your needs.

One thing is clear: your e-bike cannot perform at its best without the right battery. Insufficient battery power or being too small may cause your e-bike to run out of power faster than expected or be unable to handle challenging terrain. Therefore, choosing the right battery for you and your riding style is essential.

Structure and Function of E-Bike Batteries

Modern e-bike batteries consist of multiple rechargeable lithium cells that form a battery. Compared to smartphone batteries or AA batteries, e-bike batteries are not a single cell but a combination of multiple cells.

Most e-bike batteries only contain lithium-ion cells, which have high storage capacity and energy density. Older generation batteries may contain cells made of lead gel, nickel-cadmium, or nickel-metal hydride.

Lithium-ion batteries work very simply. They store electrical energy from the power grid as chemical energy and use it as electrical energy when the e-bike is used. Energy is transferred through lithium ions, which move back and forth between the positive and negative electrodes. This principle is also known as the "rocking chair principle."

To ensure the battery works properly and is used for as long as possible, an integrated Battery Management System (BMS) is included. The BMS monitors processes such as discharge and charge, temperature monitoring, charge indicators, and overvoltage/deep discharge protection to ensure optimal performance and battery life.

Although e-bikes are an important and eco-friendly means of transportation, their production is resource-intensive, and the social impacts associated with raw material extraction are always a concern. Moreover, manufactured batteries and e-bikes have a long product lifespan—especially old batteries and e-bikes should be centrally utilized.

If you want to learn more about the complex and resource-intensive production of e-bike batteries and the environmental impact of the bicycle industry, it's worth reading our blog post: "7 Reasons Why You Might Own an E-Bike in the Next 10 Years"

Which E-Bike Battery is Best?

Nowadays, e-bikes almost exclusively use lithium-ion batteries. These batteries use lithium ions as electrolytes and are widely used in many electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and cameras.

These batteries are very popular because they have a high energy density, meaning they can absorb and store much energy. Additionally, these batteries have a significantly longer lifespan and are lighter than other types of batteries.

Main Advantages of Lithium-Ion Batteries:

High Energy Density: Lithium-ion batteries have a higher energy density than other battery types. This means they can absorb and store more energy, resulting in a longer range for e-bikes.
Long Lifespan: Lithium-ion batteries have a longer lifespan compared to other battery types. They can go through more charge and discharge cycles before needing replacement.
Lightweight: Lithium-ion batteries are relatively light compared to other battery types. This means they don't excessively affect the weight of the e-bike and improve the riding experience.
Fast Charging: Lithium-ion batteries can be charged quickly. It usually takes just a few hours to fully charge a battery. This means your e-bike will be quickly ready to use when needed.

By the way, in our blog post "How to Properly Charge Your E-Bike Battery" you will find all the information you need on charging and maintaining your e-bike battery.

Position and Mounting Forms of E-Bike Batteries

When mounting e-bike batteries, position and mounting play an important role. The optimal placement of the battery depends on many factors, including the area of application and the advantages of different mounting options. We want to briefly introduce you to the mounting options for e-bike batteries and point out some advantages and disadvantages.

On the Frame (Battery on the Down Tube or Inside the Down Tube)

This position has become the most common mounting option for e-bike batteries. It provides good weight distribution and ensures smooth and consistent riding. Additionally, the battery is easily accessible and can usually be easily replaced.

On the Down Tube

If the battery is visibly attached to the down tube of the e-bike, it positively impacts the bike's center of gravity, making it lower and more centered. This ensures stable and safe riding behavior. The battery is also easy to replace, as it only needs to be plugged in or out.

Inside the Down Tube (Fully/Partially Integrated)

For fully or partially integrated mounting versions (also known as "Intube Batteries"), the battery is integrated into the frame and almost invisible. This makes the bike look slimmer and more elegant. The center of gravity is also lower and more centered, ensuring a quiet and stable ride.

Depending on the model, the battery can be replaced in different ways, such as a slot similar to a drawer principle or as a permanently integrated battery that can only be removed by professionals. In some models, the battery can be removed so that the bike can be used like a normal bicycle.

Behind/In Front of the Seat Tube

In this mounting type, the battery is located between the rear wheel and the main frame, i.e., behind or in front of the seat tube. Here, the center of gravity is also low and centered, ensuring smooth and consistent riding behavior. The battery is usually visibly mounted behind or in front of the seat tube.

On the Luggage Rack

In this mounting type, the battery is directly above or below the luggage rack. The center of gravity shifts backward and tends to move upwards, which can cause slight instability at high speeds and during cornering. The battery is also easy to replace here.

Dual Battery System

With the DualBattery system, you can use two batteries simultaneously, increasing the e-bike's range. The batteries discharge alternately, providing more power. However, the weight of the batteries increases.

The center of gravity largely depends on the e-bike model and the placement of the two batteries. Battery replacement usually combines the plug-in principle and the Intube plug-in battery.

Overview of E-Bike Battery Manufacturers

E-bikes are becoming increasingly popular for a good reason—they are efficient and practical. When choosing the right e-bike, besides the assembly and design, special attention should be paid to the quality of the motor and battery.

You usually can't go wrong if you choose well-known manufacturers and batteries. Bosch, Yamaha, Shimano, and Fazua offer many powerful battery options where top craftsmanship and high material quality are paramount:

Bosch

Bosch is known worldwide for its quality and innovation. Therefore, it's no surprise that Bosch is also one of the leading manufacturers in the e-bike sector. In addition to high-quality e-bike motors, Bosch mainly offers long-lasting batteries for commuters, touring riders, trekkers, and mountain riders.

The motor battery system ensures optimal range, long distances, easy operation, low self-discharge, and lightweight. Almost all battery installation models use high-quality lithium-ion batteries with integrated battery management systems.

Yamaha

Yamaha, an international expert in electric vehicles, also offers e-bike motors and batteries. One of Yamaha's advantages is the automatic support mode, which adjusts engine support based on riding behavior and the route. Additionally, there are long ranges, various battery and motor models, and reliable craftsmanship.

Shimano

Shimano also offers powerful motors and batteries for various drive systems. Shimano's range extends from city e-bikes to mountain bikes and trekking e-bikes. A unique advantage of Shimano is the slim design of the motors and batteries, enabling optimal e-bike distances.

Fazua

The drive manufacturer Fazua was founded in 2013 and has offered many products since then. Fazua offers motors with intelligent support modes and high-quality batteries with solid craftsmanship. With various performance levels and needs-based capacity and design, Fazua can keep up with the fiercest competition and is considered an expert, especially in the area of powerful yet quiet, lightweight e-bikes.

Facts About E-Bike Batteries

E-Bike Battery Range

One of the most important purchasing criteria when buying an e-bike is undoubtedly the battery capacity. The battery capacity is a crucial indicator of the battery's range. Watt-hours (Wh) is the key indicator of battery capacity. Most e-bike batteries currently have a capacity of 250 to 500 Wh, suitable for city riding and up to 800 Wh for long-distance riding.

250 Wh: approx. 55 km
400 Wh: approx. 70 km
500 Wh: approx. 100 km
800 Wh: approx. 130 km

It quickly becomes clear how higher battery capacity affects the range. Therefore, if you intend to ride longer distances or use your e-bike in hilly terrain, you should choose an e-bike with a higher battery capacity.

What External Factors Affect Battery Range?

In reality, besides battery capacity, the range of an e-bike depends on many external factors:

Geographical Factors

The nature of the route significantly impacts the e-bike's range. Dry, flat surfaces (e.g., city streets) have less impact on the range than mountain biking, slopes, and gravel roads. Therefore, you should expect lower ranges, especially on demanding routes.

Clothing

Interestingly, tight-fitting clothing can reduce wind resistance while riding. This means your motor has to provide less support, extending the battery's life.

Total Weight (Including Load)

The total weight of the e-bike increases the support required from the motor. This reduces the range. For example, if you are transporting a lot of luggage, you should be aware of the impact on the range.

Drive Type

E-bikes have different types of drives, which also affect the range. Transmission gears are cheaper and lighter but wear out faster. On the other hand, hub gears are slightly more expensive but have lower maintenance costs, are more durable, and are protected in the hub. Conversely, lighter, more sporty transmissions offer greater range.

Tire Pressure and Tread

Tire pressure and tread are important factors affecting e-bike range. The recommended maximum tire pressure can usually be found on the tire's sidewall. Optimizing rolling resistance with the correct tire pressure directly affects the e-bike's range.

Care

Proper care of the mechanical components of the e-bike is as important as the electrical components. Worn parts should be replaced with new ones in time. A smoothly running drive and tires with adequate tread also positively affect the e-bike's range.

How Does E-Bike Usage Affect Battery Range?

Besides external factors, the actual range varies based on the riding style and use of the e-bike:

Choice of Motor Support Level

The motor's assistance level and usage intensity significantly impact the e-bike battery range. If you frequently ride with high-intensity assistance, the battery will naturally discharge faster than if you use a lot of your power. That's why you should always adjust the support level to your actual needs and not just cycle with the highest support level.

Riding Style

Your riding style is another crucial factor affecting the e-bike battery's range and lifespan. Various factors play a role, such as a route choice. On flat, dry routes, the e-bike consumes less energy than on gravel roads or steep climbs. Predictive and proactive gear shifting and good route planning can also help extend battery life.

Shifting Behavior

Correct and proactive shifting behavior is an essential aspect of active riding style and affects battery life. If you only rely on the highest support level and hardly shift, you will unnecessarily stress the chain and sprockets. This not only leads to increased wear but also reduces the range. Therefore, you should ensure regular gear changes and adjust the support level according to the route conditions.

Repair and Maintenance of E-Bike Batteries

If your e-bike battery is defective, you have two options: repair or replacement. Essentially, experts usually recommend replacing the battery for safety reasons if repairs are needed.

However, a complete replacement of the e-bike battery is only advisable in certain cases. For example, if the battery is severely damaged or no longer works due to wear or aging. Replacing the battery is also recommended if a more powerful battery is needed.

If the battery is removable, you can replace it yourself. But ensure the new battery system and voltage match your e-bike. Only use original parts from the same manufacturer and never third-party batteries.

For fully integrated batteries, you will need the help of experts. Proper disposal of old batteries is also important.

A new battery usually costs between $300 and $800. Using fully integrated batteries will increase workshop costs.

Proper Charging and Discharging of E-Bike Batteries

Why Is Proper Charging Important?

Proper charging plays a crucial role in the functionality and lifespan of e-bike batteries. This mainly involves the right discharge and charge, appropriate charging locations, chargers, and optimal charging times. We will show you how to extend your e-bike battery life and performance through proper charging.

E Bike Battery Charging Process Infographic | Macfox

How Does the Charging Process Work?

Here's how the charging process works:

Plug the appropriate charger into the socket.
Connect the e-bike battery to the charger.
Status lights indicate the charging process.
Depending on the charging option, it may take 2.5 to 5 hours, so you should check regularly. For example, quick charging stations or quick chargers provided by battery manufacturers can offer particularly fast charging within 2.5 to 3 hours.
Once the battery is charged, immediately disconnect the socket and the battery or e-bike power.
Reinsert the fully charged battery based on its design (we recommend charging to 100% shortly before a long trip).

Can I Remove the Battery?

You can easily remove detachable batteries from the holder for proper charging. This is standard for batteries on the frame or luggage rack. Using the appropriate key, fully integrated Intube batteries can also be relatively easily removed from the frame. For permanently installed, non-detachable Intube batteries, you should seek the help of experts.

Can I Interrupt the Charging Process Early?

Interrupting the charging process will not damage your battery. So, you don't have to worry about the notorious memory effect or other consequences. This means both short-term and full charges are possible.

Do I Need a Fireproof Base?

The charging process should not be done unsupervised. While you shouldn't charge the battery overnight, checking the charging process regularly during the day is sufficient. Although batteries have integrated overheat protection, a dry room with a smoke detector, non-flammable materials, and preferably a fireproof base is recommended for charging.

What Should the Temperature Be During Charging?

Cold and heat are the enemies of batteries. This applies to both driving and charging. The optimal ambient temperature for charging is between 10 and 20 degrees Celsius. The following rule also applies: do not charge the battery in direct sunlight in summer, and do not charge the battery outdoors at sub-zero temperatures in winter.

Should I Charge to 100% Every Time?

Charging the battery to 100% is generally not a problem. However, since daily trips rarely require a fully charged battery, it's unnecessary to charge it to 100% every time. If you have a long trip, we recommend charging the battery to 100% shortly before the trip.

E-bike battery life is measured in cycles, i.e., fully charged to 100%. Therefore, a charging cycle differs from the charging process. If you charge the battery from 10% to 60%, it only counts as a partial charge of 0.5 cycles.

What Is the Optimal Charging State?

According to Bosch, the optimal charging level is between 30% and 60%. The reason is that the battery charges the fastest in this state. By the way, using fast chargers (also known as quick chargers) is even faster. These should always come from the battery manufacturer. If the battery level drops to 30%, charging is recommended.

The duration of the charging process depends on the battery's capacity and type. The charging time for a 400 Wh battery is 3.5 hours; for 500 Wh to 800 Wh, it is 4.5 to 7 hours; and for 1,000 Wh, it is even 9 hours.

Weight of E-Bike Batteries

The weight of e-bike batteries depends on the battery type and the energy density and capacity of the installed battery. By default, the weight of batteries ranges between 2.5 to 3.5 kg. For 800 Wh or larger batteries, the weight is around 5 kg. The rule of thumb is that each 160 Wh battery weighs 1 kg. If the dual battery system uses two batteries simultaneously, the weight doubles. To better understand, you can find an overview table of average battery weights:

Manufacturer information on weight, range, and capacity is a guide. Many e-bike manufacturers usually produce models without pedals and the smallest battery type. Therefore, it depends on the e-bike's weight without the battery and the weight with the battery. As a result, the actual total weight of the e-bike plus the battery may differ from or be higher than stated.

Conclusion

E-bike batteries are an integral component that greatly impacts performance, range and overall experience when riding an electric bike.

Understanding the different types of batteries, their capacities, and how various factors impact their performance can help you make an informed decision when purchasing an e-bike.

At every turn, an e-bike must meet your individual needs for reliable and enjoyable ride experience. Every aspect from battery technology and lifespan, charging, maintenance and cleaning play a critical role.

By choosing and taking good care in selecting and installing an optimal battery on your e-bike, you can maximize its benefits and enjoy its freedom and convenience for years to come. No matter if you use it as an everyday commuter bike or for mountain biking excursions - investing in high-quality batteries for seamless e-biking experiences is key!

FAQs

What are the main types of e-bike batteries?

Rack, frame, and integrated batteries, each affecting the bike's balance and performance differently.

How can I extend the lifespan of my e-bike battery?

Store at room temperature, avoid extreme heat or cold, and charge to 30-60% if not used for a long time.

What affects the range of an e-bike battery?

Factors include battery capacity, terrain, rider weight, tire pressure, and the chosen support mode.